archived-stlTexturizer/js/displacement.js

import * as THREE from 'three';
import { computeUV } from './mapping.js';

/**
 * Apply displacement to every vertex of a non-indexed BufferGeometry.
 *
 * For each vertex:
 *   1. Compute UV with the same math used in the GLSL preview shader (mapping.js).
 *   2. Bilinear-sample the greyscale ImageData at that UV.
 *   3. Move the vertex along its normal by:  grey * amplitude
 *
 * @param {THREE.BufferGeometry} geometry  – non-indexed (from subdivide())
 * @param {ImageData}            imageData – raw pixel data from Canvas2D
 * @param {number}               imgWidth
 * @param {number}               imgHeight
 * @param {object}               settings  – { mappingMode, scaleU, scaleV, amplitude, offsetU, offsetV }
 * @param {object}               bounds    – { min, max, center, size } (THREE.Vector3)
 * @param {function}             [onProgress]
 * @returns {THREE.BufferGeometry}  new non-indexed geometry with displaced positions
 */
export function applyDisplacement(geometry, imageData, imgWidth, imgHeight, settings, bounds, onProgress) {
  const posAttr = geometry.attributes.position;
  const nrmAttr = geometry.attributes.normal;
  const count   = posAttr.count;

  const newPos = new Float32Array(count * 3);
  const newNrm = new Float32Array(count * 3);

  const tmpPos  = new THREE.Vector3();
  const tmpNrm  = new THREE.Vector3();
  const vA      = new THREE.Vector3();
  const vB      = new THREE.Vector3();
  const vC      = new THREE.Vector3();
  const edge1   = new THREE.Vector3();
  const edge2   = new THREE.Vector3();
  const faceNrm = new THREE.Vector3();

  const QUANT = 1e4;
  const posKey = (x, y, z) =>
    `${Math.round(x * QUANT)}_${Math.round(y * QUANT)}_${Math.round(z * QUANT)}`;

  // ── WHY GAPS HAPPEN ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  // The mesh is non-indexed (unrolled): every triangle has its own copy of
  // each vertex.  At a shared edge two triangles have the same position but
  // different face normals.  Displacing each copy along its own face normal
  // moves them to DIFFERENT final positions → crack / gap.
  //
  // THE FIX: every copy of the same position must arrive at the exact same
  // displaced point.  We achieve this by computing a single *smooth* (area-
  // weighted average) normal per unique position and using that both for the
  // texture UV lookup and for the displacement direction.  All copies of the
  // same position then move by the same vector → watertight result.
  //
  // The tradeoff is that displaced normals are smooth at hard edges, but the
  // underlying geometry is still faceted (the subdivision didn't change it),
  // so printed edges remain sharp.

  // ── Pass 1: accumulate area-weighted face normals per unique position ─────
  // Map: posKey → [nx, ny, nz] (unnormalised sum)
  const smoothNrmMap = new Map();
  // maskedFracMap: posKey → [maskedArea, totalArea]
  // Tracks the fraction of surrounding face area that is masked so boundary
  // vertices get a smooth displacement blend instead of a hard on/off cutoff.
  const maskedFracMap = new Map();

  for (let t = 0; t < count; t += 3) {
    vA.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, t);
    vB.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, t + 1);
    vC.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, t + 2);
    edge1.subVectors(vB, vA);
    edge2.subVectors(vC, vA);
    faceNrm.crossVectors(edge1, edge2); // length = 2× triangle area → natural area weighting

    // Determine if this face is masked (used to build the per-vertex blend weight)
    const faceArea   = faceNrm.length();                               // ∝ 2× triangle area
    const faceNzNorm = faceArea > 1e-12 ? faceNrm.z / faceArea : 0;  // unit-normal Z component
    const faceAngle  = Math.acos(Math.abs(faceNzNorm)) * (180 / Math.PI);
    const faceMasked = faceNzNorm < 0
      ? (settings.bottomAngleLimit > 0 && faceAngle <= settings.bottomAngleLimit)
      : (settings.topAngleLimit    > 0 && faceAngle <= settings.topAngleLimit);

    for (let v = 0; v < 3; v++) {
      tmpPos.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, t + v);
      const k = posKey(tmpPos.x, tmpPos.y, tmpPos.z);
      const existing = smoothNrmMap.get(k);
      if (existing) {
        existing[0] += faceNrm.x;
        existing[1] += faceNrm.y;
        existing[2] += faceNrm.z;
      } else {
        smoothNrmMap.set(k, [faceNrm.x, faceNrm.y, faceNrm.z]);
      }
      const mf = maskedFracMap.get(k);
      if (mf) {
        if (faceMasked) mf[0] += faceArea;
        mf[1] += faceArea;
      } else {
        maskedFracMap.set(k, [faceMasked ? faceArea : 0, faceArea]);
      }
    }
  }

  // Normalise each accumulated normal
  smoothNrmMap.forEach((n) => {
    const len = Math.sqrt(n[0]*n[0] + n[1]*n[1] + n[2]*n[2]) || 1;
    n[0] /= len; n[1] /= len; n[2] /= len;
  });

  // ── Pass 2: sample displacement texture once per unique position ──────────
  const dispCache = new Map(); // posKey → grey [0, 1]

  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    tmpPos.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, i);
    const k = posKey(tmpPos.x, tmpPos.y, tmpPos.z);
    if (dispCache.has(k)) continue;

    const sn = smoothNrmMap.get(k);
    tmpNrm.set(sn[0], sn[1], sn[2]);

    const uvResult = computeUV(tmpPos, tmpNrm, settings.mappingMode, settings, bounds);
    let grey;
    if (uvResult.triplanar) {
      grey = 0;
      for (const s of uvResult.samples) {
        grey += sampleBilinear(imageData.data, imgWidth, imgHeight, s.u, s.v) * s.w;
      }
    } else {
      grey = sampleBilinear(imageData.data, imgWidth, imgHeight, uvResult.u, uvResult.v);
    }
    dispCache.set(k, grey);
  }

  // ── Pass 3: displace every vertex copy by the same vector ─────────────────
  // Using the smooth normal for the displacement direction ensures all copies
  // of the same position land at exactly the same 3-D point.

  const REPORT_EVERY = 5000;

  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    tmpPos.fromBufferAttribute(posAttr, i);
    tmpNrm.fromBufferAttribute(nrmAttr, i);

    const k    = posKey(tmpPos.x, tmpPos.y, tmpPos.z);
    const sn   = smoothNrmMap.get(k);
    const grey = dispCache.get(k);

    // Smooth blend: displacement scaled by the unmasked fraction of surrounding
    // face area. Boundary vertices (shared by masked + unmasked faces) get a
    // proportionally reduced displacement instead of a hard on/off cutoff.
    const mf         = maskedFracMap.get(k) || [0, 1];
    const maskedFrac = mf[1] > 0 ? mf[0] / mf[1] : 0;
    const disp = (1 - maskedFrac) * grey * settings.amplitude;

    const newX = tmpPos.x + sn[0] * disp;
    const newY = tmpPos.y + sn[1] * disp;
    let   newZ = tmpPos.z + sn[2] * disp;

    // Prevent boundary vertices from poking through the masked surface in Z.
    // Only triggers for vertices that are partly masked (maskedFrac > 0) and
    // whose displacement would push them toward the masked surface direction.
    if (maskedFrac > 0) {
      if (settings.bottomAngleLimit > 0 && newZ < tmpPos.z) newZ = tmpPos.z;
      if (settings.topAngleLimit    > 0 && newZ > tmpPos.z) newZ = tmpPos.z;
    }

    newPos[i*3]   = newX;
    newPos[i*3+1] = newY;
    newPos[i*3+2] = newZ;

    // Keep per-face normal for shading (recomputed below anyway)
    newNrm[i*3]   = tmpNrm.x;
    newNrm[i*3+1] = tmpNrm.y;
    newNrm[i*3+2] = tmpNrm.z;

    if (onProgress && i % REPORT_EVERY === 0) onProgress(i / count);
  }

  const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
  out.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(newPos, 3));
  out.setAttribute('normal',   new THREE.BufferAttribute(newNrm, 3));
  // Recompute face normals for correct lighting in exported STL
  out.computeVertexNormals();
  return out;
}

// ── Bilinear sampler ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/**
 * Sample a greyscale value (0–1) from raw RGBA ImageData using
 * bilinear interpolation. UV is tiled via mod 1.
 */
function sampleBilinear(data, w, h, u, v) {
  // Ensure [0,1) — guard against floating-point edge cases
  u = ((u % 1) + 1) % 1;
  v = ((v % 1) + 1) % 1;

  const fx = u * (w - 1);
  const fy = v * (h - 1);
  const x0 = Math.floor(fx);
  const y0 = Math.floor(fy);
  const x1 = Math.min(x0 + 1, w - 1);
  const y1 = Math.min(y0 + 1, h - 1);
  const tx = fx - x0;
  const ty = fy - y0;

  // Red channel — image is greyscale so R == G == B
  const v00 = data[(y0 * w + x0) * 4] / 255;
  const v10 = data[(y0 * w + x1) * 4] / 255;
  const v01 = data[(y1 * w + x0) * 4] / 255;
  const v11 = data[(y1 * w + x1) * 4] / 255;

  return v00 * (1-tx) * (1-ty)
       + v10 * tx * (1-ty)
       + v01 * (1-tx) * ty
       + v11 * tx * ty;
}